Use The Correct Singular or Plural Noun

Skill 39 : Use The Correct Singular or Plural Noun

 Singular noun itu yang digunakan untuk menunjukan sebuah benda satu atau tunggal sedangkan plural menunjukkan benda yang berjumlah banyak atau jamak.

contoh singular noun : a taxi, a keyboard, a whiteboard, etc

contoh plural            : this book, the man, etc

1. A problem that is common in  Written Expression questions of the TOEFL test is a singular noun used where a plural noun is needed, or a plural noun used where a singular noun is needed.

Example :      On the table there were many dishes.

                      The Lab assistant finished every test.

2.  In written expression of the TOEFL test, we should watch very carefully for key words, such as each, every, a, one,  and single that indicate that a noun should be singular.

3.   We should also watch carefully for such key words as many, several, both, various, and  two (or any other number except one) that indicate that a noun should be plural.

The following chart lists the key words that indicate to us whether a noun should be singular or plural :

Key Words for Singular and Plural Nouns
For singular Nouns	each      every     single      one       a
For Plural Nouns	both        two       many    several    various

sumber :  http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/02/singular-and-plural-nouns.html

              http://www.scribd.com/doc/66663483/19/Skill-39-Use-The-Correct-Singular-or-Plural-Noun

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Use The Correct Form of the Passive

ACTIVE VOICE adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat.

Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. 

Passive voice ini digunakan karena penulis atau pembicara ingin menempatkan informasi yang dia anggap paling penting (atau lebih penting) di awal kalimat.

Contoh :

• Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
• Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months

Dari contoh ini dapat kita dilihat bahwa:

1. Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
2. Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan yaitu dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
3. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
4. Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
5. Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3, seperti pada contoh-contoh di bawah.

 Formating The Passive

ACTIVE :  (a)    The reserach workers face the sample problems. PASSIVE : (b)   The sample problems are faced by the research workers

Form of the passive : be  +  past participle

In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb: “the sample problems” in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b) (a) and (b) have the same meaning

Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:

Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

Dengan catatan bahwa,

a. Jika active voice dalam present tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah is, am atau are

Contoh:

• Active    : He meets them everyday
• Passive  : They are met by him everyday

• Active    : She waters this plant every two days
• Passive  : This plant is watered by her every two days

b. Jika active voice dalam past tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah was atau were

Contoh:

• Active    : He met them yesterday
• Passive  : They were met by him yesterday

• Active    : She watered this plant this morning
• Passive  : This plant was watered by her this morning

c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect, maka ‘be’-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’

Contoh:

• Active    : He has met them
• Passive  : They have been met by him
• Active    : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
• Passive  : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

d. Jika active voice dalam past perfet, maka ‘be’-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been

Contoh:

• Active    : He had met them before I came.
• Passive  : They had been met by him before I came.

• Active    : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
• Passive  : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

e. Jika active voice dalam future tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah be

Contoh:

• Active    : He will meet them tomorrow.
• Passive  : They will be met by him tomorrow.

• Active    : She will water this plant this afternoon.
• Passive  : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.

• Active    : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
• Passive  : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.

f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’

Contoh:

• Active    : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
• Passive  : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.

• Active   : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
• Passive  : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.

g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.

Contoh:

• Active    : He would have met them.
• Passive  : They would have been met by him.

• Active    : She would have watered this plant.
• Passive  : This plant would have been watered by her.

h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He is meeting them now.
• Passive  : They are being met by him now.

• Active    : She is watering this plant now.
• Passive  : This plant is being watered by her now.

i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He was meeting them.
• Passive  : They were being met by him.

• Active    : She was watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant was being watered by her.

j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He has been meeting them.
• Passive  : They have been being met by him.

• Active    : She has been watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant has been being watered by her.

k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah had been + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He had been meeting them.
• Passive  : They had been being met by him.

• Active    : She had been watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant had been being watered by her.

l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah will be + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He will be meeting them.
• Passive  : They will be being met by him.

• Active    : She will be watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant will be being watered by her.

m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah would be + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He would be meeting them.
• Passive  : They would be being met by him.

• Active    : She would be watering this plant.
• Passive   : This plant would be being watered by her.

n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah will have been + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He will have been meeting them.
• Passive  : They will have been being met by him.

• Active    : She will have been watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant will have been being watered by her.

o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’-nya adalah would have been + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He would be meeting them.
• Passive  : They would be being met by him.

• Active    : She would be watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant would be being watered by her.

Contoh-contoh yang lain:

1. Koko’s nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya).
2. Indonesian football team was beaten by Saudi Arabian team. (Team sepakbola Indonesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
3. These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
4. There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
5. English is studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMA). 

Problem with Passive Verbs

ð The difference between an active and a passive verb is that the subject in a active sentence does the action of the verb, and the subject in a passive sentence receives  the action of the verb.

ð To convert  a sentence from  active to passive, two changes must be made.

1.     The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence, while the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.

2.     The verb in the passive sentence is formed by putting the helping verb be in the same form as the verb in the active sentence and than adding the past participle of this verb.

Example   :      Margaret  wrote  the letter

                              S                V                 O

                        The letter   was written    by   Margaret

                                        S                         V                                O

Skill 37  :  Use The Correct Form of the Passive

General Pattern :

Note :  In the scientific text, a sentence is often written in a passive form because the important idea is not who did something but what is done

THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

THE PASSIVE FORM :  modal  + be  + past participle

(a)         The professor of Fluid dynamics will be invented to the International Conference in ITS.

(b)        Flowcharting can’t be restricted by a particular program on any particular.

(c)         The components should be restored  in one box to avoid damage.        

(d)        Synthetic polymers may be used to increase flammability.

(e)         This theory had better be applied to the next experiment. 

(f)         This research ought to be completed before June 1st .       

(g)         The program has to be conducted in proper working order.

(h)        The plenary is supposed to be held  after dinner.

THE PAST-PASSIVE FORM : modal + have been + past participle

(i)         The final report of steel acrh bridge design should have been sent   last week.

(j)         This harbour  must have been constructed over 200 years ago.

(k)        The road  ought to have been asphalted two days ago.

 sumber : http://www.scribd.com/doc/79719198/25/Subject-Verb-Agreement-Part-1

              http://www.scribd.com/doc/66663483/17/Skill-37-Use-The-Correct-Form-of-the-Passive

              

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Skill 59 : Distinguish Like, Alike, and Unlike

Kata alike dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective dan adverb.

a. ALIKE sebagai adjective

Sebagai adjective, alike pada umumnya digunakan untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun yang posisinya sebagai subject kalimat.

Subject + linking verb + ALIKE

Contoh:

1. Your experience and mine are alike. (Pengalamanmu dan pengalamanku mirip).
2. Do Luna Maya and the one in the video look alike? (Apakah Luna Maya dan orang yang di video itu tampak mirip?).
3. For me, red wine and white wine taste alike. (Bagiku, anggur merah dan anggur putih rasanya mirip).

NOTE: Pola alike + noun sangat jarang digunakan.

b. ALIKE sebagai adverb.

Sebagai adverb,  alike menerangkan non-linking verb.

Subject + linking verb + ALIKE

Dalam hal ini, alike = similarly atau  equally.

Contoh:

1. Parents should treat their children alike. (Orang tua seharusnya memperlakukan anak-anaknya serupa/dengan adil).
2. Becauase Rini and Rene are twins, they walk and talk alike. (Karena Rini dan Rene kembar, mereka berjalan dan berbicara dengan cara yang mirip).
3. The two criminals were sentenced alike. (Kedua penjahat ini dijatuhi hukuman yang  sama).

 1.  Distinguish  Like, Alike, and Unlike

±   Like, alike and unlike   are easily confused because they look so similar and they have many different uses.

±   There are several structures with  like, alike and unlike  that we should be familiar with.

±   The adjective  alike and like  (see Skill 50 )

Example :

ü John and Tom are  alike.

(Alike as a predicate adjective means similar, describing John and Tom )

ü John and Tom  worked in a like manner.

( Like as adjective form means  similar )

±   The prepositions  like and unlike, which have apposite meanings must be followed by objects.

Example :

Ø  John  is ( like  Tom )

( Like as preposition means Tom and John are similar )

Ø  John is (unlike Tom. )

( Unlike as preposition means  Tom and John are not similar )

±   The preposition  like and unlike  can also be used at the beginning of a sentence

Example :

(Like  Tom), John is  tall.

( Like as a preposition means that Tom is tall. )

Ø  Unlike Tom, John is  tall

(Unlike as preposition means that Tom is not tall )

The following chart outlines the structures and meanings of sentences with like, alike and unlike :

	like , alike, and unlike
	Grammar	Meaning	Use
like alike	adjective adjective	similar similar	ü   As an adjective, like is used before a noun ü    As an adjective, alike is used after linking verb
like unlike	preposition preposition	similar different	ü   Both prepositions are followed by objects. ü  They can both be used in many positions, including at the beginning of the sentence.

 sumber : http://www.scribd.com/doc/66663483/39/Skill-59-Distinguish-Like-Alike-and-Unlike 

               http://swarabhaskara.com/miscellaneous/like-vs-alike/

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