Kalimat Pasif dalam bentuk Kalimat Negatif dan Kalimat Tanda tanya

 

1) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive

(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)

1. Don’t wait for me (active)
2. You are advised not to wait for me (passive)
3. I wasn’t sad last night
4. They weren’t there last Tuesday
5. He didn’t  go to the movie last night
6. I didn’t sleep well last night
7. They didn’t come yesterday
8. We didn’t see action movie last night
9.  I don’t  go to the office last week
10. I wasn’t busy yesterday

Contoh kalimat Pasif dalam bentuk kalimat  Tanya :

1.       Were his friends sent any news by Jacky ?

2.       Was any news sent to his friends ?

3.       Are we going to be given a book by her ?

4.       Is a book going to be given to us ?

5.       Did the rat frighten you ?

6.       Were you frighrened by the rat ?

7.       The bill includes service, doesn’t it ?

8.       Do   they   wash   their hands   before every meal?

S               P             O                       (Simple Present Tense)

9.       Did he go to the bus station ?

10.   Where did you watch the movie ?

11.   Did you see alex yesterday ?

12.   Was he busy last night ?

                

* Kata kerja pada predikat do + wash menjadi wash. Kata wash dioasifkan menjadi be + washed (Vɪɪɪ); be untuk subjek theid hands (dalam Simple Present Tense) adalah are.

1.       * Karena kalimatnya adalah kalimat tanya (yes/No Question), kalimat pasifnya jugs menjadi kalimat tanya, yakni dengan memindahkan kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) ke awal kalimat: Are their hands washed before every meal?

contoh lain :
1) Simple present

Aktif John bites Mary John doesn’t bite Mary Does John bite Mary? What does John do? Who bites Mary? Who does John bite?

Pasif Mary is bitten by John Mary isn’t bitten by John Is Mary bitten by John? What is done by John? Who is Mary bitten by? Who is bitten by John?

2) Simple continuous

Aktif John is biting Mary John isn’t biting Mary Is John biting Mary? What is John doing? Who is biting Mary? Who is John biting?

Pasif Mary is being bitten by John Mary isn’t being bitten by John Is Mary being bitten by John? What is being done by John? Who is Mary being bitten by? Who is being bitten by John?

3) Present perfect

Aktif John has bitten Mary John hasn’t bitten Mary Has John bitten Mary? What has John done? Who has bitten Mary? Who has John bitten?

Pasif Mary has been bitten by John Mary hasn’t been bitten by John Has Mary been bitten by John? What has been done by John? Who has Mary been bitten by? Who has been bitten by John?

4) Present perfect continuous

Aktif John has been biting Mary John hasn’t been biting Mary Has John been biting Mary? What has John been doing? Who has been biting Mary? Who has John been biting?

Pasif Mary has been being bitten by John Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John Has Mary been being bitten by John? What has been being done by John? Who has Mary been being bitten by? Who has been being bitten by John?

5) Simple past

Aktif John bit Mary John didn’t bite Mary Did John bite Mary? What did John do? Who bit Mary? Who did John bite?

Pasif Mary was bitten by John Mary wasn’t bitten by John Was Mary bitten by John? What was done by John? Who was Mary bitten by? Who was bitten by John?

6) Past continuous

Aktif John was biting Mary John wasn’t biting Mary Was John biting Mary? What was John doing? Who was biting Mary? Who was John biting?

Pasif Mary was being bitten by John Mary wasn’t being bitten by John Was Mary being bitten by John? What was being done by John? Who was Mary being bitten by? Who was being bitten by John?

7.) Past perfect

Aktif John had bitten Mary John hadn’t bitten Mary Had John bitten Mary? What had John done? Who had bitten Mary? Who had John bitten?

Pasif Mary had been bitten by John Mary hadn’t been bitten by John Had Mary been bitten by John? What had been done by John? Who had Mary been bitten by? Who had been bitten by John?

 
8.) Past perfect continuous

Aktif John had been biting Mary John hadn’t been biting Mary Had John been biting Mary? What had John been doing? Who had been biting Mary? Who had John been biting?

Pasif Mary had been being bitten by John Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John Had Mary been being bitten by John? What had been being done by John? Who had Mary been being bitten by? Who had been being bitten by John?

9) Future

Aktif John will bite Mary John won’t bite Mary Will John bite Mary? What will John do? Who will bite Mary? Who will John bite?

Pasif Mary will be bitten by John Mary won’t be bitten by John Will Mary be bitten by John? What will be done by John? Who will Mary be bitten by? Who will be bitten by John?

10) Future continuous

Aktif John will be biting Mary John won’t be biting Mary Will John be biting Mary? What will John be doing? Who will be biting Mary? Who will John be biting?

Pasif Mary will be being bitten by John Mary won’t be being bitten by John Will Mary be being bitten by John? What will be being done by John? Who will Mary be being bitten by? Who will be being bitten by John?

11) Future perfect

Aktif John will have bitten Mary John won’t have bitten Mary Will John have bitten Mary? What will John have done? Who will have bitten Mary? Who will John have bitten?

Pasif Mary will have been bitten by John Mary won’t have been bitten by John Will Mary have been bitten by John? What will have been done by John? Who will Mary have been bitten by? Who will have been bitten by John?

12) Future perfect continuous

Aktif John will have been biting Mary John won’t have been biting Mary Will John have been biting Mary? What will John have been doing? Who will have been biting Mary? Who will John have been biting?

Pasif Mary will have been being bitten by John Mary won’t have been being bitten by John Will Mary have been being bitten by John? What will have been being done by John? Who will Mary have been being bitten by? Who will have been being bitten by John?

sumber :http://www.scribd.com/doc/37401774/Ayo-Belajar-Kalimat-Aktif-Dan-Pasif
             http://kanjengguru.blog.com/materi-grammar/active-and-passive-voice/

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Tipe If-clause, Wish Beserta Fakta ,dan 10 contoh Conditional sentence

 Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

  

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

 Conditional Sentences Type I.

1. If Caroline and Sue prepare the salad, Phil will decorate  the house.
2. If Sue cuts the onions for the salad, Caroline will peel  the mushrooms.
3. Jane will hover the sitting room if Aaron and Tim move the furniture.
4. If Bob tidies up the kitchen, Anita will clean the toilet.
5. Elaine will buy the drinks if somebody helps her carry the bottles.
6. If Alan and Rebecca organise the food, Mary and Conor will makethe sandwiches.
7. If Bob looks after the barbecue, Sue will let the guests in.
8. Frank will play the DJ if the others bring  along their CDs.
9. Alan will mix the drinks if Jane gives him some of her cocktail recipes.
10. If they all do their best, the party will be great.

 

Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II.

    If I played the lottery, I would have a chance to hit the jackpot.
    If I hit the jackpot, I would be rich.
    If I were rich, my life would change completely.
    I would buy a lonely island, if I found a nice one.
    If I owned a lonely island, I would build a huge house by the beach.
    I would invite all my friends if I had a house by the beach.
    I would pick my friends up in my yacht if they wanted to spend their holidays on my island.
    We would have great parties if my friends came to my island.
    If we liked to go shopping in a big city, we would charter a helicopter.
    But if my friends' holidays were over, I would feel very lonely on my lonely island.

Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III.

  1.   If the midfielders had passed the ball more exactly, our team would have had   

        more  chances to attack.
  2.   If the forwards had run faster, they would have scored more goals.
  3.  Their motivation would have improved if they had kicked a goal during the first half.
  4.  The fullbacks would have prevented one or the other goal if they had marked their 

       opponents.
  5.  If the goalie had jumped up, he would have caught the ball.
  6.  If the referee had seen the foul, he would have awarded a penalty kick to our team.
  7.  Our team would have been in better form if they had trained harder the weeks    

       before.
  8.  The game would have become better if the trainer had sent a substitute in during  

       the second half.
  9.   If it had been a home game, our team would have won the match. 

 10.  If our team had won the match, they would have moved up in the league.
 

1. Penggunaan Wish/hope dalam conditional sentences

Verb wish dan hope sama-sama berarti berharap, tetapi penggunaannya dalam kalimat sangat berbeda. Hope digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau akan mungkin terjadi. Sebaliknya, wish digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang pasti tidak terjadi atau tidak akan mungkin terjadi. Hope dapat diikuti oleh verb dalam sembarang tensis; wish tidak dapat diikuti oleh verb dalam simple present tense atau modal auxiliary simple present tense.
Perhatikan perbedaan penggunaan wish dan hope pada contoh-contoh di bawah ini:

1. We hope that they can come. (kita berharap bahwa mereka bisa datang). Dalam kalimat ini subject we tidak tahu apakah they bisa datang atau tidak. Tetapi, ada kemungkinan bahwa they bisa datang.
2. We wish that they could come. (kita berharap bahwa mereka bisa datang). Di sini, we sudah tahu bahwa they tidak bisa datang. Faktanya adalah: they can’t come.
3. I hope that they came yesterday. (saya berharap kamu datang kemarin). Di sini, I tidak tahu apakah they datang atau tidak kemarin.
4. I wish that they had come yesterday. (saya berharap bahwa mereka datang kemarin). Di sini, I sudah tahu bahwa they didn’t come yesterday. Faktanya adalah: they didn’t come yesterday.

Jadi, clause yang mengikuti wish clause pada prinsipnya adalah unreal conditional.
Penggunaan wish dalam unreal conditionals ada 3, yaitu: future wish, present wish, dan past wish.

a. Future wish

S + wish + (that) +	S + could + verb1 S + would +verb1 S + were + verb-ing

Note: Penggunaan relative pronoun “that” adalah optional (bisa digunakan, bisa juga tidak):
Contoh:

1. I wish my friend would visit me this afternoon. (Saya berharap teman saya akan mengunjungi saya sore ini). Faktanya: my friend will not come this afternoon.
2. They wish that you could come to the party tonight. (Mereka berharap bahwa kamu bisa datang sebentar malam). Faktanya: you can’t come.
3. Bobby wishes he were coming with Angelia. (Bobby berharap dia datang dengan Angelia). Faktanya: Bobby is not coming with Angelia.

b. Present wish

S + wish + (that) + S + verb2

Contoh:

1. I wish I were rich. (Saya berharap saya kaya). Faktanya adalah: I am not rich.
2. I wish I had enough time to finish my work. (Saya berharap saya punya cukup waktu untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan saya). Faktanya: I don’t have enough time to finish my work.
3. John wishes that Ririn were old enough to be his girl friend. (John berharap bahwa Ririn cukup umur untuk menjadi pacarnya). Faktanya: Ririn is not old enough to be John’s girl friend.
4. I wish I didn’t have to come to class today. (Saya berharap saya tidak harus pergi kuliah hari ini). Faktanya: I have to go to class today.
5. I wish my TOEFL score were over 650 now. (Saya berharap nilai TOEFL saya sekarang lebih dari 650). Faktanya: my TOEFL score is not over 650 now.

c. Past wish

S + wish + (that) +	S + have + verb3 S + could + have + verb3

Contoh:

1. I wish I had washed my clothes yesterday. (Saya berharap saya telah cuci pakaian-pakaian saya kemarin). Faktanya: I didn’t wash my clothes yesterday.
2. Irwan wishes that he had answered the questions well. (Irwan berharap bahwa dia telah menjawab soal-soal dengan baik). Faktanya: Irwan didn’t answer the questions well.
3. Christian Ronaldo wishes that his team could have beaten the German team. (Christian Ronaldo berharap bahwa teamnya dapat mengalahkan team Jerman). Faktanya: Christian Ronaldo’s team couldn’t beat the German team.
4. I wish you had been here last night. (Saya berharap kamu ada di sini tadi malam). Faktanya: you were not here last night.

sumber : http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences
             http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-1/exercises?default
              

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Conditional Sentence

Conditional Sentence merupakan kalimat yang berupa pengandaian yang menggunakan kata "if"

Conditional (Kalimat Pengandaian) menjelaskan bahwa sebuah kegiatan bertentangan dengan kegiatan yang lain. 

Conditional yang paling umum adalah Real Conditonal dan Unreal Conditonal, kadang-kadang disebut juga if-clauses.

Real Conditional (sering juga disebut juga dengan Conditional Tipe I) yang menggambarkan tentang mengandai-andai sesuai dengan fakta.

Unreal Conditional (sering juga disebut sebagai Conditional Tipe II) yang menggambarkan tentang pengandaian yang tidak nyata atau berimajinasi.

Ada juga Conditional yang ke-3 yang sering disebut dengan Conditional Tipe III, digunakan sebagai penyesalan yang terjadi di masa lampau dan zero conditional, digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu yang sudah pasti benar.

Catatan: Jika  klausa "if" diletakkan di awal kalimat, kita harus menggunakan "koma". Sebaliknya jika klausa "if" berada di belakang, maka tidak perlu ada koma

Conditional atau pengandaian memiliki 3 bentuk :
1. Future Conditional (Conditional Type 1)
    Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi pada waktu mendatang   
    ataupun   sekarang, jika syarat / kondisi tertentu terpenuhi.
  
  Rumus Conditional Type 1:
If + Subject +  present simple + subject +  modals (will, can, may, must ) V1 (simple form)
contoh : If have money I will buy a new car

   If + Subject+ Simple present ... + subject + simple-present
contoh : If he has enough time, John usually walks to school.

   If + Subject + simple present ...+ command form
contoh : If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me !

2. Unreal Present (Conditional Type 2)
Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang ada atau terjadi sekarang.


If + subject + simple past + subject + modals (would, could, might) V1 (Simple Form)

contoh : If  I had time, I would go to the beach with yaou this weekend
            ( Saya tidak punya waktu sehingga saya tidak bisa pergi )
             He would tell you about it if he *were here
           ( dia akan mengatakan jika dia berada disini, artinya karena dia tidak ada disini
             dia tidak mengatakannya/ because he is not here he doesn't tell you about it.)

* untuk if-clause dalam bentuk ini hanya tobe "were" yang dipergunakan untuk semua subject.
if pada conditional type 2 ini dapat dihilangkan yaitu dengan penggunaan pola inversi :


Were + subject + Adj/Noun + subject + modal (would, could, might) + V1

contoh : Were I John I would not forgive you.
(kalau saja saya itu si john saya tak akan memaafkan kamu; kenyataannya saya
  bukan john jadi saya memaafkan kamu / I'm not John so I forgive you).


3. Unreal Past (Conditional Type 3)
Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang telah terjadi (lampau).

Rumus Cionditional Type 3:
If + Subject + Past Perfect ... subject + modals ( would, could, might) + have V3
contoh :
1. If we had known that yaur were there, we would have written yaou letter.
(kalau saja kami tahu kamu berada disana, kami sudah mengirim surat padamu;
  yang bermakna bahwa kami tidak mengirim surat karena kami tidak tahu kamu
  berada di sana / I did not know that you were there so I didn't write you a letter.
 2. He would tell you about it if he were here.
 3. If he didn't speak so quickly, you could understand him.

Bentuk inversi (tanpa "IF") untuk pola ini :
Had + subject + V3...subject + modals (would, caould, might) + have V3
kalimat diatas bila ditulis inversinya menjadi :
Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
tanpa mengubah makna maupun arti.

Note :
unless = if not
you wouldn't have won unless I had helped you = you wouldn't have won if I had not helped you.
kamu tidak akan menang jika saya tidak menolongmu
Yang berarti karena saya menolongmu, kamu menang (because I helped you, you won)

Contoh conditional sentence dengan "If" :
1. Bila diikuti kata kerja (Verb) :
a. Type 1  : If Marry invite me, I will come (present)
    Type II : If Marry invited me, I would come (past)
    it means : Marry doesn't invite me so I don't come (present) (-)

    Type III : If Marry had invited me, I would have come (Past Perfect)
    It means : Marry didn't invite me, so I didn't come.( Past)

2. Noun (Benda)
b. Type I  : If I have wings, I will fly in the sky (present)
     Type II: If I had wings, I would fly in the sky(Past)
     it means : I don't have wings, so I don't fly in the sky (Present)(-)
    
     Type III : If I had had wings, I would have flown in the sky (Past Perfect)
     It means : I didn't have wings so I didn't fly in the sky (Past)

3. Bila diikuti kata sifat / kata keterangan
c. Type I  : If I am sick, I will see a doctor
    Type II : if I were sick, I would see a doctor
    it means : I wasn't sick, so I don't see a doctor
    Type III : If I had been sick, I would have seen a doctor
    it means : I wasn't sick, so I didn't see a doctor

sumber : Koding konsep dasar & the king (Ganesha Operation)
              (www.ganesha-operation.com)
             2. http://ismailmidi.com/berita-140-conditional-sentences.html
                                                                     
 

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Intransitive Verbs

 Intransitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Tidak Membutuhkan Objek)
  adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan obyek, karena sudah dapat dipahami dengan sempurna makna kalimat tersebut.

Kata-kata kerja yang termasuk Intransitive verbs diantaranya adalah: Shine, come, sit, boil, sleep, fall, cry, dll.

Contoh:

           0.  The baby cries.
         1. My mother is sleeping.
         2. The water boils.

Catatan:

• Ada juga beberapa kata kerja yang dapat berfungsi sebagai transitive maupun intransitive verbs.

Contoh:

          3.       He drops his bottles. (transitif)

          4.       The rain drops from the sky. (intransitif)
        5.    The contestants still misunderstood then. (transitif)  
        6.    The contestants still misunderstood. (intransitif)
        7.    They grow the rubber trees. (transitif)  
        8.    Rice grows in the fertile soil. (intransitif)

Ada beberapa verb intransitive yang memakai Objective Noun yang mempunyai satu kesatuan makna dengan kata kerjanya. Objeknya disebut Cognate Object.

Contoh:

• He played the fool.                  (Dia bermain gila-gilaan).
• He laughs a hard laugh.            (Dia tertawa lebar).
• He slept a sound sleep.            (Dia tidur nyenyak).
• He died a miserable death.        (Dia mati melarat).

Ada beberapa verb transitive dan intransitive walaupun sudah mempunyai object tetapi artinya belum sempuma sebelum ditambah kata-kata lain.

Kata Kerja jenis ini diantaranya adalah: make, name, call, find, declare, suppose, consider, bring, give, appoint, seen, hear, dll.

Contoh:

• I will make you happy.
• I appoint him to be my assistant.

Ada juga kata kerja yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:

• Kata Kerja + Preposition + Object
• Kata Kerja + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing

Contoh:

• We talked about the problem.
• She felt sorry for coming late.

Kata-kata kerja untuk pola kedua diantaranya adalah: succeed in, think about/of, dream of, dream about, approve of, look forward to, insist on, decide against, angry with, sorry for, thanks for, dll.

Ada juga Kata Kerja tertentu yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:

• Kata Kerja + Object + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing

Contoh:

• They accused me of telling lies.
• Do you suspect the man of being a spy?
• I congratulated Bob on passing the exam.
• What prevented him from coming to the party?
• I thanked her for being so helpful.

sumber : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-271-transitive-and-intransitive-verbs.html

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Modifier

Modifier berfungsi untuk menerangkan waktu (modifier of time), menerangkan tempat (modifier of place), atau menerangkan cara dalam melakukan kegiatan (modifier of manner). Modifier pada umumnya berupa prepositional phrase (yaitu sekelompok kata yang dimulai oleh kata depan dan diakhiri oleh noun). Misalnya: in the morning (pada pagi hari), on the table (di atas meja), at the university (di universitas).

1.    Example of prepositional phrases:

In the morning, at the university, on the table.

A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase.

Last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterday

2.    Examples of modifiers :

 a.    Wanda bought a book  at the bookstore ( where did Wanda buy a book?)                              Modifier of place

    b.    We ate dinner at seven o’clock         (when did we eat dinner ?)

                            Modifier of time

    c.    He was driving very fast                    (How was he driving ?)

                             Modifier of manner

    d.    The coffe is in the refrigerator             ( Where is the   milk?)

                         Modifier of place

    e.    She drove the car on Main street             ( where did she drive?)

                            Modifier of place

Note : the modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it’s a prepositional phrase, usually cannot separate the verb and the conplement.


sumber :1.  Buku Grammar review 

              2. http://ismailmidi.com/
              3.http://swarabhaskara.com/sentence-components/modifier-keterangan/

               

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Passive voice

1.    PASSIVE VOICE  adalah kalimat yang mengungkapkan hal-hal yang difokuskan pada kegiatannya bukan pada pelakunya.

Passive sentence :

S + to be (is, am, are) + V3

Subject (s)       Object           kata sifat

I                            me                  my                              

You                     you               your

We                     us                    our

They                  them               their

She                     her                  her

He                       him                 his

To be yang digunakan

1. Present : is, am, are
2. Past : was, were
3. Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
4. Future : be (setelah modals)
5. Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)

2. To make an active sentence into a passive sentence,foolow these steps :

1.  a. Place the complement of the active sentence at the  

        beginning of the passive sentence.

2.   b. If there are any auxiliaries in the active sentence, place them 

        immediately after the new subject agreeing in number with 

        the subject.

3.   c.  Insert the verb be after the auxiliary or auxiliaries in the same 

        form as the main verb in the active sentence.

4. d.  Place the main verb from the active sentence after the 

        auxiliaries and be in the past participle.

5. e. Place the subject of the active sentence after the verb ini the 

        passive sentence preceded by the preposition by. 

       (This can be eliminated completely if it is not important 

        or is understood.)

3. Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif

• Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
• Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll

4. Contoh Kalimat Aktif menjadi kalimat Pasif dengan beberapa 

    Tenses dibawah ini:
        
       1. Simple Present

           Active(A): The children play a white ball

           Passsive(P): A white ball is played by them

  
2.    Past Tense

     A: He ate two apples

     P: Two apples were  eaten by him 

3.    Present Continous

    

      A: I am singing a slow song

                  P: A slow song was sung by me. 

  

            4.    Present Perfect

             A: Father has eaten two apples

             P: Two apples have been eaten by him

        5.    Future Tense

             A: They will play a white ball

             P: a white ball will be played by them

sumber: http://ismailmidi.com/berita-174-passive-voice.html
                  www.ganesha-operation.com

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7 wonders of the world in grand canyon

Grand Canyon is a canyon of steep cliffs, carved by the Colorado River, in northern Arizona. This gap is one of the Seven Wonders of the World and mostly located in Grand Canyon National Park, one of the first national parks in the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt is one of the main supporters of the Grand Canyon area, visiting on numerous occasions to hunt mountain lion and enjoy the incredible natural scenery.

The Grand Canyon is one of the most remarkable natural wonders in the world. Located in the state of Arizona, USA, it is one of the deepest gorges on Earth with an average depth of one mile (1.6km) and an average width of ten miles (16km). The canyon was carved over the past 6 million years by the action of the Colorado River as it drops over 2,200 feet (670m) along the 277-mile (446 km) length of the gorge.

The canyon isn't just a single gorge, however, but also includes numerous side canyons created by erosion. Because many layers of rock were exposed during this process, the walls of the canyon are countless shades of brown, yellow, red and gray. As the sun moves across the sky the light changes making the vista transform dramatically over the course of the day. The rock levels represent a cross-section of the geological history of the earth with the stone near the river being some of the oldest on the planet with an age of nearly two billion years.

Formation 

The Colorado Plateau, through which the canyon is cut, was once the bottom of a shallow sea. Along the rim visitors can still find fossilized snails, corals and shell fish. Around 20 million years ago the land was pushed upwards and the sea retreated. Around six million years ago the Colorado River changed its course and started cutting its way across the Plateau. The uplift also added new tributaries to the river, increasing the river's flow and adding many of the side canyons. Water let loose from the glaciers of the ice ages also increased the amount of water that was moving down the river and giving it more power to erode the stone. Within two million years the river had sliced a path into the rock that was only 500 feet higher than the bottom of the canyon is today.

History

The first European that saw the Grand Canyon was García López de Cárdenas from Spain, who visited the location in 1540 during a search for the fabled Seven "Gold" Cities of Cibola. However, Native Americans had already been familiar with the canyon for thousands of years. The ancient Anasazi people are the first thought to inhabit the area starting about 1200 B.C.. For the last 800 years or so the Havasupai people have lived in a part of the gorge known as Cataract Canyon.

In 1869 John Wesley Powell led the first known boat expedition down the Colorado River and through the canyon. Starting from Green River, Wyoming on May 24, Powell and nine men in four wooden boats with food for 10 months traveled down the Green River to where it joined the Colorado. The group then crossed through Glen Canyon and into the Grand Canyon where the boats had to navigate more than 200 rapids. The trip became so difficult that one man quit the expedition after the first month, and another three left the group at Separation Canyon two months later. The three attempted to climb out of the canyon but were never heard from again. Powell finished his journey on August 13, 1869. Two years later Powell would retrace the voyage, this time taking photographs and making detailed, accurate maps.

Tourism 

By the beginning of the 20th century the canyon, made famous by the accounts of various scientists, explorers and the paintings of artist Thomas Moran, had become a tourist attraction. In 1903 U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Grand Canyon. Roosevelt, seeing its unique value, established the Grand Canyon Game Preserve in 1906. He then designated the preserve a U.S. National Monument in 1908. Roosevelt would have liked to have made the canyon into a National Park, but opponents with interests in land and mining rights blocked the effort for 11 years.

In 1919 the canyon was finally made a national park by an act of Congress. It currently receives about five million visitors per year. While many tourists limit themselves to looking at the canyon from the rim, others chose to hike trails down into the gorge. A trip to the bottom and back generally takes two days. For those not inclined to hike, mules are available to ride to the bottom. Located near the Colorado River in the deepest part of the gorge is the Phantom Ranch which provides visitors with lodging.

Another way to explore the Canyon is by rafting down it following the path first used by John Wesley Powell. Modern rafts, however, are made of flexible rubber instead of wood, making the trip safer, but still exciting.

Of the two main rims of the canyon, the southern rim, is more accessible and popular with visitors. There are a number of lodges located on the South rim at Grand Canyon Village operated under contract with the park service. The average altitude of the South rim is about 7,000 feet (2133m) above sea level which can be a concern for people who are not acclimated to that height. The North rim is less accessible than the South and has fewer facilities for visitors. It is also another 1000 feet higher in altitude than the South rim.

Because of its size and splendor, the canyon is a matchless natural wonder. For this reason it is often considered as one of the Seven Wonders of the Natural World. 

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Source : http://www.unmuseum.org/7wonders/grand_canyon.htm

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